The paper examines the differences in language meanings perceived from the perspective of the speaker and the hearer sharing the common background knowledge. The issues of negative and positive 'face' are explored discussing the face threatening acts (FTA) and the effects of language on the hearer.
The paper examines the techniques of improving memory arguing the ineffectiveness of pharmacologic treatments and the usefulness of mnemonics as memory aids. Related studies are reviewed showing that there are no universal methods to improve one's memory.
The paper examines Gardner's account of multiple intelligences identifying the eight different forms of intelligence, e.g. linguistic and musical. The work explores how this approach has been influential in the education system, but suffers from its empirical data, which, as highlighted by Klein, fails to support the premise of multiple intelligences.
The paper examines the theory of Jacques Lacan analyzing his critique of Freud's psychoanalysis and considering his interpretation of the unconscious including the mirror stage, the real stage and the symbolic stage. Lacan's views on the role of body image in self-development and identify are discussed.
The paper examines how reading material and techniques vary across historical periods. Psychological aspects of the act of reading are discussed noting the differences developed by reading aloud and silent reading, the phenomenon of ascribing different identities by the reader, the role of the reader's background knowledge in text interpretations, etc.
The paper examines the research of Vygotsky into children's acquisition of language, the skills of problem solving, numeracy, etc. Conclusions are made about the role of culture in cognitive development.
The paper examines the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) reviewing the EI theory, highlighting the abilities associated with EI, and comparing EI with IQ.
The paper examines the use of psychometric tests in business and schools outlining different types of test and evaluating the validity of each as a method of assessment. The advantages and disadvantages of psychometrics are described reviewing the criticism directed towards psychometric assessments of intelligence. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of psychometric approaches based on assessing general intelligence and their usefulness for determining the ability of individuals in both schools and occupations.
The paper examines the difference between males and females in visuo-spatial ability describing related theories and showing how the socio-cultural approach predicts different consequences compared to the biological/evolutionary model. An experiment is conducted to study the possible differences between males and females in describing a route marked out on a map. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed; the results and calculations of the experiment are included in the appendices.
The paper examines the functions of memory in the human brain discussing Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory of the memory structure and describing sensory stores, short-term, long-term and working memory features.
The paper examines psychological mechanisms of facial recognition comparing them to the mechanisms of normal object recognition. Research into the difference in the recognition of faces and objects is reviewed discussing the ability of reading facial expressions.
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