S/N/184. Outline the structure of the Earth from crust to core and discuss the evidence used to deduce it

The paper examines the internal structure of the Earth reviewing the methods of seismic waves analysis. Types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes are identified; the composition of the crust, the mantle and the inner core at the centre of the Earth is described.

S/N/185. Explain why glacial-interglacial cycles occur

The paper examines the origin of glacial-interglacial cycles reviewing the theories that claim to explain the phenomenon, i.e. the Earth's position in relation to the Sun and consequent changes in the distribution of insolation over the globe, the movement of the tectonic plates, etc.

S/N/78. Discuss how recent scientific progress in understanding earthquakes might help reduce the hazards associated with such events

The paper reviews scientific approaches to the causes of natural hazards identifying their categories and focusing on the mechanisms of the tectonic plate movement that results in earthquakes. Examples of earthquake predictions are analysed comparing them to tsunami forecasts and making conclusions about their role in reducing the hazards.

P/N/98. Scandinavian Caledonides: tectonic evolution

The paper examines the tectonic evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides providing its geographical and geological description, and defining the types of terrane that could have been derived from the Iapetus Ocean.

P/N/26. Geological characteristics of dolomites

The paper looks at the dolomite content of carbonate rocks offering its chemical and geological characteristics. A brief review of the theories of dolomite formation in the past is given; the conditions of their present day precipitation are described with the focus on the main models. The conclusion is made that each model of dolomite formation depends on the environment.

P/N/22. Tectonic processes at mid-ocean ridges

The paper seeks to explain the tectonic processes at mid-ocean ridges and geological structures formed by these processes focusing on the island of Iceland. Drawing on the theory of plate tectonics (Alfred Wegener) the paper addresses the issue of volcanic activity; its types are analysed and the specific features of the volcanic activity in Iceland are outlined. The paper looks at hydrothermal systems found at mid-ocean ridges and describes their environmental effects.