S/S/183. What effects have Darwin's ideas had on our understanding of human nature and the place of humankind in the world? To what extent have these ideas of Darwin's been helpful, in your view?

The paper looks at the theory of Darwin reviewing scholars' attitudes to the 'Origin of Species' and discussing the concept of evolution from various perspectives. Darwin's influence of modern life is examined reflecting on the so called 'social Darwinism' and 'scientific racism'. The evolutionary origin of altruism is argued.

S/N/95. Describe the mechanism of gene therapy and critically evaluate its potential in medical treatment

The paper examines the issues related to gene therapy (GT) discussing the GT mechanism, the ethical aspects of GT, the obstacles to GT, types of genetic disorders, therapeutic uses of DNA, etc.

C/N/121. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Human cloning

This paper identifies the different approaches and techniques of cloning, and how these might potentially be applied to human beings. The advantages to medical science and to world health organisations are discussed. The disadvantages are presented in discussion form; bringing into question the idea of 'designer babies' and the associated moral and ethical issues. Also mentioned is the unacceptability of cloning to world religions, concluding that more research is necessary before cloning of human beings might become recognised as an acceptable science.

S/N/63. Some Bacteria form Intracellular Proteinaceous Compartments (Metabolosomes) Associated with Specialised Metabolic Functions. How these Structures are formed and what is their Functional Significance?

The paper examines the formation and metabolic functions of the carboxysomes, pdu and eut organelle providing definitions of metabolosomes, identifying their types, describing metabolosome assembly, etc.

S/N/100. In vitro Phagocytosis of foreign materials by macrophages

The paper examines the effect of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody (anti-SRBC haemolysin) and complement on the phagocytosis of SRBCs testing it on splenic and peritoneal macrophages of a mouse.

S/N/99. Prevalence, intensity and frequency distribution of the nematode parasite Graphidium strigosum in wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) near Malham Tarn, UK

The paper examines the gastrointestinal nematode Graphidium strigosum, a parasite common in wild rabbits. Studies related to the medical, veterinary and ecological aspects of the parasite problem are reviewed. Factors affecting the population of Graphidium strigosum in Yorkshire rabbits are studied.

S/N/94. Human Influences on Species Biodiversity: A Model for Conservation of Hypothetiland

The paper examines the effects of human disturbances on the diversity the Earth's ecosystems reviewing the works of evolutionary and environmental biologists, and offering analysis of the conservation policies in Hypothetiland.

S/N/93. Genetic engineering: effects on life, environment and people

The paper addresses the issues of genetic engineering (GE) reviewing critics' opinions about biotechnology and genetic modification (GM), discussing the ethical aspects of cloning, considering the effects of GM crops on natural and agricultural ecosystems, etc.

S/N/92. Why is the Environmental Movement against GM Crops?

The paper reviews the debate around genetically modified (GM) crops arguing whether they present risks to human and animal health. The issues of horizontal gene transfer are addressed discussing GM threats to biodiversity, plant resistance to herbicides, etc.

S/N/84. Embryonic stem cell research

The paper examines the implications of the research into the embryonic cell stems comparing them with adult stem cells, and discussing the applications of both in medicine. The problems of the stem cells research funding in the USA are discussed.

S/N/81. Research into human cloning should be prohibited by all governments. Discuss.

The paper addresses the ethical issues of genetics related to human cloning (HC) reviewing the arguments of the HC supporters and HC opponents. The future of the research into cloning human beings is discussed.

S/N/50. Genetic Basis of Spontaneous and Familial Cancer

The paper looks into the mechanism of carcinogenesis discussing the genes that are the principle targets of mutations, the mechanisms of cell growth regulation, the features of tumour suppressing genes, the possibilities for DNA repair, etc.

S/N/65. The Number of Reported Cases of Chlamydia trachomatis is Rising Sharply in the UK. Describe the Life Cycle of this Organism and Why it is More Difficult to Treat than Many Other Bacterial Infections

The paper examines Chlamydia, a sexually transmitted illness common in the UK, Trachma and other side-effects caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) bacteria. CT life cycle is analysed; its effects are described; the treatment for CT is reviewed.

S/N/97. Appraisal of the usefulness of Ballantine's Biologically Defined Exposure Scale for the assessment of shores in Pembrokeshire, West Wales

The paper examines the affects of the exposure to wave action on the distribution of intertidal organisms discussing the species used as indicators in Ballantine's Scale.

S/N/66. Origins and Significance of Diversity within and Between Species of Order Cetacea

The paper examines the order Cetacea focusing ob the differences between Mysticeti and Odontoceti, discussing the origin of diversity within and between species and the significance of both phenomena.

S/N/103. Environmental plant science – sand dune ecology

The paper examines the ecosystem of natural sand dunes looking at their development from embryo to grey dunes and slacks, and studying the effects of this evolution on dune plant species such as rosebay willow herb, Marram grass, etc.

S/N/98. Describe the structure of biological membranes and discuss how this structure relates to the function of different membranes within eukaryotic cells

The paper examines the chemical reactions within a biological membrane describing the membrane composition and functions.

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