S/N/195. Outpatient Substance Abuse Counselling and Methadone Maintenance Programs

The paper examines outpatient counselling (OC) as a method of treating psychiatric or chemical dependency disorders addressing the problem of substance abuse, and discussing the goals that can be achieved by the counselling. Details are provided on the stages and techniques of OC highlighting the challenges faced by a professional counsellor.

C/N/192. Improving health and reducing health inequalities is a key government priority. Discuss and evaluate the responsibility the caterer has in healthy eating

The paper examines the policies of the UK government aimed at improving healthy living standards in British citizens touching on the issues of healthy eating, health education, inequalities, caterers' responsibilities, etc.

C/N/104. Dissertation. Effect of Mediterranean diet on human health and disease prevention – a systematic review

Epidemiological studies have for time immemorial associated the Mediterranean diet with longer and better life. However, most of these studies have been observational. In the recent past there has been a pressing need for evidence based medicine is all related sectors and public health nutrition has been no exception. This has led to a need for clinical trials and systematic reviews in the field so that sound recommendations could be developed. The purpose of this particular systematic review was to analyse and review the excremental research done on the effect Mediterranean diet on human health and its role in disease prevention. The review was made on the basis of 52 articles from different studies combined with a sound groundwork overview of Mediterranean diet. The articles found could be categorised into five groups on the basis of the outcomes measured vis-à-vis lipoproteins, endothelial resistance, diabetes and anti-oxidative capacity, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, cancer and obesity. Most studies suggested that the Mediterranean diet has a favourable influence on all the factors mentioned above. However, the need for more reviews and further clinical trials in all the areas seems pressing especially with the use of food scores or patterns to ensure adherence to Mediterranean diet among the participants and to form the basis for this the methodology of the ongoing PREDIMED study is explained.

C/N/99. Nutrition for Developing Countries Exam paper

This is a short answer paper and provides brief answers to 16 questions on health, child infections, nutrition and WHO's definitions and strategies on nutrition for children. Providing adequate child nutrition to counter diseases should be one of the main agendas of any developing country and controlling infections such as HIV is an important issue, especially in Africa. These questions here emphasize on child malnutrition, nutritional wasting, childhood infection, protein energy malnutrition, nutritional stress, vitamin A deficiency and supplements, diseases such as kwashiorkor and outcomes of droughts, food shortage and famine. Different perspectives on these issues are provided in the form of short answers.

C/N/92. Nutritional considerations of the elderly

In this essay we consider the nutritional status of the elderly as a group and discuss the problems associated with malnutrition. Reference is made to a number of recent papers on the subject and the links with morbidity and mortality are discussed. Government legislation in this area is considered and there is a passage of personal reflection before a discussion on the whole topic

S/N/44. Smokers' and non smokers' attitudes towards smoking in public places

The paper looks at the UK initiative to ban smoking in public places examining the attitudes towards this ban, discussing its effect on the health services, etc. A study is conducted on the basis of a questionnaire to identify whether there is a difference between the attitudes of smokers and non smokers.

E/M/170. To What Extend do Television Advertisements used by the Junk Food Industry in the United Kingdom Need to Take Account of the Increase of Childhood Obesity?

The paper addresses the issue of childhood obesity in the UK identifying its measurements, describing the effects of obesity, defining the notion of 'junk food', and discussing the implications of junk food advertising on television and the effects of the restrictions on junk food advertising for children.

E/N/19. How might physiological and cognitive/social influences interact in the development and maintenance of cardiovascular disease?

The paper examines the causes of the cardiovascular disease related to habits such as tobacco smoking, an incorrect diet, etc. and lifestyle. Medical literature is reviewed on the correlation between stress and the development of the Coronary heart disease (CHD), on the personality types associated with CHD, etc.

P/S/148. Problems of unsafe sex among British youngsters

The paper addresses the problem of unsafe sex and sexually transmitted infections (STI) among youngsters. Academic and statistical approaches to teenage pregnancy and STI spread in the UK are reviewed. A case study is conducted among British University undergraduate and post-graduate students using primary data collected through a questionnaire. Conclusions are made about the causes of unsafe sex.

P/N/118. Smoking: how to quit?

The paper examines the impacts of cigarettes smoking reviewing the position of World Health Organisation (WHO) towards smoking, the problem of smoking in the UK, the factors affecting the motivation to quit, etc. The interventions for smoking cessation in young people are described; their effectiveness is evaluated.

P/N/117. Treating depression: alternative therapies

The paper examines the symptoms, types and causes of depression highlighting the role of alternative therapy treatments for depression, i.e. psychotherapy (cognitive, behaviour, interpersonal and insight-oriented), acupuncture, aromatherapy, bibliotherapy, music therapy, nutrition/diet therapy, etc.

C/N/76. Nutrition & Program Planning- Case study report

C/N/75. Vitamin A deficiency: Prevention strategy

The paper begins with the sign and symptoms a major public health concern in vitamin A deficiency. The paper then identifies the regions with high incidence and prevalence to choose a country and implement a set of strategies aimed at preventing deficiency cases. Finally it also touches upon the main methods of monitoring and evaluation of the process.

C/N/74. Discuss the statement with reference to the causes of malnutrition in elderly people and the ways in which these causal factors might be addressed by public health practitioners in the UK.

The problem of malnutrition is heightened with old age as the elderly face conditions of ill health, inadequate diet and poor physical mobility that lead to difficulties in maintaining a regular diet pattern. Poor nutrition in the elderly is also related to chronic conditions and hospitalisation and in many cases individuals have to resort to artificial nutrition and effective intervention including risk assessment and screening of nutrition conditions and associated illnesses. This discussion shows the causes of malnutrition in the elderly and identifies treatment patterns and interventions considering research studies, published papers and NSF standards for the older people.

C/N/73. Investigating Variations in Dietary preferences and Nutrition Patterns between male and female population in the UK

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between gender and diet patterns in 19-64 year old male and female population within the UK. A research proposal is drawn to focus on the fundamental research questions, aims and objectives that determine whether there are significant differences in the dietary and food habits between the male and female population in the UK and whether there are gender differences in health awareness and knowledge of risk factors and healthy diets. The research proposal given here focuses on using data collected with the help of questionnaires from at least 100 male and female participants and the responses obtained would be quantitatively and qualitatively analysed to determine the relationship between dietary patterns, food preferences, attitudes towards food and gender.

C/N/62. Vitamin A deficiency: Prevention strategy

The paper begins with the sign and symptoms a major public health concern in vitamin A deficiency. The paper then identifies the regions with high incidence and prevalence to choose a country and implement a set of strategies aimed at preventing deficiency cases. Finally it also touches upon the main methods of monitoring and evaluation of the process.

C/N/61. Discuss the statement with reference to the causes of malnutrition in elderly people and the ways in which these causal factors might be addressed by public health practitioners in the UK.

The problem of malnutrition is heightened with old age as the elderly face conditions of ill health, inadequate diet and poor physical mobility that lead to difficulties in maintaining a regular diet pattern. Poor nutrition in the elderly is also related to chronic conditions and hospitalisation and in many cases individuals have to resort to artificial nutrition and effective intervention including risk assessment and screening of nutrition conditions and associated illnesses. This discussion shows the causes of malnutrition in the elderly and identifies treatment patterns and interventions considering research studies, published papers and NSF standards for the older people.

P/N/112. Smoking ban in public places and its effect on smokers

The paper examines the attitudes toward the enforcement of the smoking ban in public places in the UK reviewing academic literature on the history of anti-smoking campaigns, the reasons behind smoking, etc. The impact of the ban on smoking behaviour is studied using primary research based on questionnaires within a focus group.

P/MD/92. How effective are anti-smoking campaigns?

The paper studies the effect of anti-smoking campaigns on smokers and non-smokers. The aim, objectives and rationale of the study are identified; literature is reviewed on the health impacts of smoking, the theory of social marketing, the theory of advertising, quantitative and qualitative research approaches, etc. The methods of collecting primary data (interviews) and secondary data sources are defined; the research findings are discussed; the implications of the research for the marketing managers are highlighted.

C/N/47. Comment on the implications for public health planning inherent in the proposal "countries in transition are moving from the stage of nutrition survival to the stage of nutrition promotion

The World Health Organisation or WHO has focused on the importance of diet and nutrition in accordance with the fact that nutrition has been considered as increasingly effective in modifying chronic diseases having positive or negative influences on health. Communicable and chronic diseases are increasingly found in developing regions including South Asia and Latin America and WHO has recognised the importance of developing a global strategy on physical activity, health and diet for prevention and treatment of all diseases. This short exposition is based on a recognition of the shifting dietary needs and associated diseases in developing economies according to changing lifestyles brought about by globalisation

C/N/70. Nutrition & Program Planning- Case study report

The report provides a plan for a project titled ‘Optimum nutrition in children under five: Towards a healthier future’. It encompasses a detailed analysis of the current situation followed by setting of goals, objectives and targets for the project culminating with the estimate of the budget.

C/N/68. PRIME MINISTER’S NUTRITION POLICY

This paper discusses the hypothetical Government plans for food and nutrition. Prime Minister has unveiled his Public Health Nutrition plans in advance for the year considering the importance of right food and nutrition, especially in preventing chronic illnesses like cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and heart ailment. Government feels that a national health policy is necessary highlighting the positive and negative points of food habits that are deep rooted in food habits of United Kingdom. The paper discusses how imperative it is for NHS to divert funds for a better buying of food for the country and how it could be achieved, along with promotion of physical activity.

C/N/65. Sustainability of World Food Production

This presentation is focused on the importance of sustainable food production in meeting the growing needs of the population. According to the FAO report 2002, the developing countries can meet increasing demands of food only by increasing productivity. The importance of a balance of food consumption in developing and developed countries has been highlighted. The roles of the WHO, WTO, FAO and WFS have been discussed in the context of world food production.

P/S/130. Support programmes in giving up smoking

The paper describes intervention programmes aiding people to give up smoking. Cognitive-behavioural techniques and pharmacological products used in the programmes are discussed; studies related to smoking cessation are reviewed highlighting psychological, medical and social aspects of smoking.

P/E/445. Correlation between cigarette taxes and smoking behaviour in UK

The paper examines the impact of cigarette taxes on smoking behaviour in the UK offering a review of literature in biostatistics, econometric analysis, price elasticity of demand, etc. The correlation between taxation and cigarette demand is studied; empirical findings obtained through the analysis of reports are discussed in relation to gender, age, social class, income, ethnicity, etc. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of cigarette taxation as a method of curbing the consumption of tobacco.

C/N/54. A critical evaluation of a study on supplements in disease-states

This paper is offers a critical appraisal of a study which focuses on giving supplements in specific patients who suffer from elevated cholesterol levels. The study design, the methods and statistics used, as well as the results and conclusions drawn are evaluated and critically appraised. Finally, proposals and suggestions are offered as to how the study could be further improved.

P/S/109. Dissertation. Values behind gym culture

The dissertation aims to investigate how the social environment in the gym contributes to the motivation to work out among UK gym-goers. A review of contemporary sociological theories is given covering the debate on health, gym and fitness culture. The study of gym-going histories is conducted providing primary data (interviews) for the analysis of gym-going motivation. Conclusions are made about the values of the gym culture.

P/N/88. Smoking, lung cancer and heart diseases: statistical evidence

The paper examines the influence of smoking on the development of cancer, coronary heart disease and other diseases analysing data on mortality rates, smoking habits and causes of death in the UK. Health benefits of quitting smoking are highlighted. A correlation between socio-economic groups, regional lung cancer incidence and smoking habits in men and women is statistically illustrated and discussed.

P/N/82. Energy costs in athletes

The paper examines the notion of efficiency in terms of energy loss in athletes focusing on running economy (RE) and testing the effects of differing speeds on energy costs in running and walking. Studies on physiological mechanisms of muscle contraction and energy costs associated with different sports are reviewed.

P/N/81. Human thermoregulation during exercise

The paper examines the mechanisms of human thermoregulation during exercise in the heat that facilitate heat loss and keep internal temperature below the critical threshold. Running and cycling tests in a group of health male subjects are conducted. Conclusions are made about the steady state exercise capacity on the basis of the experiment results.

P/N/74. Dealing with hazards of Beijing sports environment

The paper analyses potentially hazardous factors for British long distance runners competing in Beijing in 2008 providing a review of literature on the effects of air pollution and high temperatures on athletic performance, and mechanisms of adaptation to the adverse performance effects. Precautions and safety measures for endurance athletes are outlined.

C/N/14. How does the disciplinary regime of dieting (and/ or exercising) work to produce 'docile bodies'?

The essay dedicated to the role of disciplinary regimen of dieting and fitness for development of social conformity and body modification. Foucault's concept of "docile bodies" was used for explanation of the mechanisms of social control in the health-related disciplinary regimens. Gender peculiarities of disciplinary regimens are sharply expressed, their role for preserving social norms and cultural values is figured prominently.

P/N/55. Fatty acids

The paper looks at the biochemical and physiological aspects of fatty acids addressing the issues of the western diet and comparing it to the eastern diet. The role of fatty acids in the modulation and prevention of human diseases is highlighted.

S/PS/24. An attempt to change health behaviour by eating five portions of fruit and vegetables daily: A critical evaluation

Changing aspects of one's health behaviours is an increasingly common occurrence in today's health-conscious world. Public health authorities often lead campaigns specifically aimed at encouraging individuals to review their current health status and attempt to improve it either by adopting new or changing current health behaviours. These range from smoking cessation, to increased exercise or change in diet. There are, however, certain processes and stages than one has to go through before they engage in behaviour. A number of theories and models have therefore been developed, in order to examine the factors behind adopting health behaviour and the failure or success of the individual to maintain it.

P/N/49. Testing fitness levels

The paper is a discourse on the subject of physical fitness. The components of physical fitness, i.e. strength, speed, endurance and flexibility, are discussed. Tests demonstrating fitness levels among police force recruits in the UK are described and commented on.

P/N/35. Recommended intakes for Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

The paper reports on the chemical, physiological and medical functions of Ascorbic Acid, or Vitamin C. The sources of Vitamin C are outlined; dietary intake for Vitamin C is discussed in relation to various countries. The outcomes of Vitamin C deficiency and excess are commented on highlighting Vitamin C antagonists, clinical symptoms, etc. The applications of Vitamin C are reviewed.

P/N/15. Life expectancy and morbidity in men and women

The paper explores the issues of life expectancy and morbidity in men and women in contemporary Britain seeking to answer two questions. The first question is: do women live longer than men? The data covering the last two decades prove that men are catching up with women: their life expectancy has increased to 75.6 (80.3 for women) and the death rates have stabilised (10,1 for men and 10.5 for women). It is unclear though, whether men's health is getting better or women's health is deteriorating. The second question is: are women sicker than men? The rate of general ill health is measured by self-reporting status (women rate higher in illness assessment) and health service statistics (men rate higher in reporting ill health to doctors). The social, physiological and psychological reasons are discussed. The paper concludes that statistic data challenge the assumption that women are more prone to report illnesses, though they are more sensitive to illness and discomfort.

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