C/L/336. Traditional and modern definitions of organised crime

The paper examines the definitions of organised crime (OC) seeking to explain its controversial status in criminology.  Difficulties in defining OC are discussed with references to traditional methods of OC identification.  The effects of globalisation on organised crime are considered arguing that the definition of modern OC needs revision. 

C/L/338. Analysis of law case on necessity defence

The paper discusses a law case pertaining to defence out of necessity and duress to given scenarios. An overview of Theft Acts 1968 and 1978, and Fraud Act 2006 is provided discussing the offence of rape and identifying the factors that can amount to rape in cases of a man having sex with a woman by misrepresentation.

C/L/284. Aims and Purposes of Criminal Sentencing

The paper considers whether sentencing in Britain has become more certain as a result of the enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The aims and objectives of criminal sentencing are discussed examining whether they are applied to the current UK legal system. The main influences upon the development of the sentencing framework in the UK are evaluated and compared to those in the USA. 

S/S/164. Punishment for Rape

The paper addresses the problem of rape which is a growing crime despite the increasing legal punishment. Legal and social attitudes toward sexual relations are considered from historical and cultural perspectives discussing the changes in the definition of rape over centuries in the English common law, the types of rape, the punishments for rape in different countries, etc.

S/S/159. Domestic Violence is characterised by both Chronic under Reporting and Higher Levels of Repeat Victimisation than any Other Crime. How effective is the Police Response to Domestic Violence? Does the 'Positive Policing' Policy offer Real Protection from this Crime? Are there any Problems with this Approach?

The paper examines the responses of police to domestic violence (DV) identifying the causes of DV, and addressing the problems surrounding DV, the issue of repeat victimisation in relation to DV, etc. The practices of 'positive policing' are described discussing their results in relation to DV.

S/S/160. Critical Account of the Links between Illicit Drug Use and Crime

The paper examines the relationship between illicit drugs and crime in the UK reviewing the history of drug use in Britain, identifying types of crimes associated with illicit drugs and the causes of criminal behaviour, etc. References are made to the studies on illicit drugs use.

S/S/162. Critically Evaluate the Claim that there is Disparity in the Sentencing and Punishment of Minority Compared to Majority Ethnic Offenders

The paper examines whether there exists discrimination towards ethnic minorities in the system of criminal justice reviewing related literature and identifying the causes of racial disparity in sentencing.

C/L/252. Admission of character evidence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003

The paper examines the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 that make changes to the rules relating to the admissibility of character evidence. Judicial interpretation of this legislation is considered with relation to character evidence; the impact of the new regime on the admissibility of such evidence is evaluated.

S/L/187. Examine the effectiveness of the ways in which the criminal system responds to offenders

The paper examines the function of imprisonment discussing the rates of reconviction and arguing whether a prison term is effective in reforming offenders. Psychological effects of imprisonment are considered; other means of punishing are discussed, i.e. non-custodial sentencing, fines, probation, boot camps, etc. Approaches to offending in Denmark are reviewed. The effectiveness of the death penalty is argued.

C/L/226. Protective security law

The paper looks at the law surrounding protective security and applies it together both criminal and tort law, to a given scenario involving a Close Protection Operative (CPO).

S/L/182. Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the substantive criminal Law

The paper examines the effect of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into to the Humans Rights Act 1998 focusing on the impact of the requirement for an individual to have a fair trial under Article 6 on the English law regarding entrapment.

C/L/219. Explain and illustrate when in criminal cases the presumption of innocence is not respected and the burden of proof attaches to the accused. Further, discuss what, if any, effect the Human Rights Act 1998 had on the importance and application of the presumption of innocence.

The paper looks at the threats that are being exerted on the common law presumption of innocence within the criminal law of England. It also looks at the effect that Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights.

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