S/L/190. European Union Law

The paper looks at the problems of trade within European Union considering two cases, i.e. a case of the UK company Fresh Foods (FF) attempting to export milk to France and a case of the UK toy manufacturer Fine Toys (FT) exporting their products to Spain. EU trade laws are reviewed discussing the problems related to customs duty, import tax, advertising, etc.

C/L/305. US Regulation and Rule 144A

The paper discusses whether US Regulation and Rule 144A, when used together, can provide issuance for securities that ease the burden of a corporation targeting US investors. A detailed discussion of Rule 144A and its practical application is presented focusing on QIB's and disclosure rules, the advantages and disadvantages of Rule 144A. Advantages and disadvantages of public and private placements are considered.

C/L/299. Measuring the success of harmonisation in international trade law

The paper looks at the measures taken to harmonise trade law internationally and how the success of such provisions may be measured. Legal and economic measures are considered making a arguing that while useful, such measures must be relied on with care as they may lead to misleading conclusions.

C/L/300. Harmonisation or unification of law is not a simple process, and can be achieved through many different means. But it is true for all that promulgation of uniform rules do not create uniform results. How do you measure the "success" of a uniform law in international trade law?

The paper looks at the measures taken to harmonise trade law internationally and how the success of such provisions may be measured. Legal and economic measures are considered making a arguing that while useful, such measures must be relied on with care as they may lead to misleading conclusions.

C/L/286. World trade: suppliers' remedies within procurement transactions

The paper examines the system of national suppliers' remedies (NSR) provided by the EC procurement regime and the system of NSR provided by the government procurement agreement (GPA) of the world trade organisation (WTO) reviewing related legislation of EU and WTO. Definitions of Government procurement and supplier remedies are reviewed; the significance of transparency in procurement transactions is argued.

C/F/321. Do Rule 144A and Regulation S protect resale of purchased securities?

The paper examines US Regulation S and Rule 144A discussing the features of an offshore transaction and arguing whether these regulations can provide a regulatory protection for US investors. The prospect of a liquid secondary market is considered as a possible result of the facilitation of shares' resale to a foreign issuer.

S/L/209. Documentary Credit in International Trade

The paper discusses the principle of autonomy in documentary letters of credit (L/C) offering a law case study that involves the Buyer, the Seller (and the Payee), the Issuing Bank in the UK and the Confirming Bank in Spain. Related legislature and law cases are quoted discussing the possible effects of fraudulent documents and applying the laws to the facts of the analysed case.

S/L/198. Contract of sale and documentary credits: law case study

The paper examines a law case of the contract of sale involving the English Bank, addressing the issues of documentary credits (DC) in the UK. Securities offered by DC are discussed highlighting the requirements needed to prove that a fraud has occurred. Legislation on DC is reviewed including the articles from the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 (UCP); references are made to related law cases.

C/L/277. Contracts in International trade agreement: case study

The paper examines a case study of an international trade agreement between a British company and a Chinese company involving four different contracts, i.e. the CIF Liverpool Agreement, the contract between Bank of China and HSBC Bank, the contract of carriage, and the contract of insurance. Each contract is analysed separately and in relation to other contracts.

C/L/255. The United Kingdom will be able to provide pragmatic, dynamic legal solutions to resolve commercial disputes and continue to be the law of choice in International Commerce with its current ethos as regards the regulation of consumer and commercial entities. Discuss

The paper examines the problems facing commercial law under the unprecedented spread of commercial activity accompanying the process of globalization. The impact of the Internet on the international trade is discussed highlighting its trampling of the traditional common law system and considering the need to create a new 'lex mercatoria' (Law Merchant) to deal with commercial contracts.

C/L/192. Arbitration and Mediation. New Approach to Resolving Trade Disputes: how Traditional International Treaty and Jurisdictional Approaches are Ineffective as per WTO Arbitration Panel

The paper examines arbitration explaining how states are bound by contractual obligations. The problems of transcending borders, jurisdiction and the controversial approach of regime shopping are discussed. The role of arbitration bodies in resolving international trade disputes is analyzed commenting on trade disputes, the effectiveness of traditional jurisdiction, the WTO arbitration panel, etc.

C/L/192. Arbitration and Mediation. New Approach to Resolving Trade Disputes: how Traditional International Treaty and Jurisdictional Approaches are Ineffective as per WTO Arbitration Panel

The paper examines arbitration explaining how states are bound by contractual obligations. The problems of transcending borders, jurisdiction and the controversial approach of regime shopping are discussed. The role of arbitration bodies in resolving international trade disputes is analyzed commenting on trade disputes, the effectiveness of traditional jurisdiction, the WTO arbitration panel, etc.

C/L/178. Arbitration and Mediation the New Approach to Resolving Trade Disputes: Examination on how Traditional International Treaty and Jurisdictional Approaches are Ineffective as per the WTO Arbitration Panel

The paper examines how states are bound by contractual obligations in the private international arena looking at the problems of transcending borders, jurisdiction and the controversial approach of regime shopping. Definitions of the salient concepts are provided including jurisdiction, arbitration, regime shopping, etc. The causes of clashes between companies are identified; the functions of LCIA (London Court of International Arbitration), ICC (International Commercial Court), ICSID (International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes), etc. are described; approach to trade dispute arbitration are discussed.

C/L/158. International Trade Law

This essay deals with the issues of letters of credit, marine insurance, bills of lading, and international contracts for the sale of goods. It looks at a scenario and applies the relevant law to the facts of the scenarios