C/N/188. "An ever growing global economy will lead to ever growing marine pollution and the consequent threat to fishery stocks. Is the present international legal regime sufficient to provide for economic growth but at the same time protect the marine environment? What does the future hold?" Discuss with the particular reference to the situation in the Baltic Sea

The paper examines the ethical issues of environmental theories discussing the concept of sustainability with regard to the marine life eco-systems and reviewing legislation on the environmental protection of the Baltic Sea region. The provisions of the Helsinki Convention (HELCOM) and the WTO stance on fisheries are reviewed.

C/E/203. What is the best way to achieve optimal level of pollution?

The paper examines the methods that be used to achieve an optimal level of pollution from the viewpoint of the economic theory. The concept of optimal pollution is defined with reference to related literature discussing how the globalised economy affects economic activities in a country. The current methods of achieving the optimal level of pollution are outlined arguing the best way to do it.

C/E/204. Global environment: issues of pollution control

The paper addresses the problem of reducing the rate of pollutants to protect the global environment. Related economic theories are reviewed defining the concept of optimum levels of pollution and the need to strike a balance between the costs and benefits of pollution control and reduction. Analysis is presented of the optimisation costs and related socio-political issues.

S/L/177. Ecological Tax and financial approaches to new business venture

The paper addresses the issues of the so-called green taxation, or Ecological Tax (Ecotax) in the UK reporting on the taxes that aroused debate, discussing Gordon Brown's current "Green Tax Budget", its implications for large businesses, etc. Financial approaches to starting a new business venture are reviewed.

S/EN/31. Hybrid cars

The paper examines the car engines using the fuel based on renewable energy in combination with a traditional gasoline. Types of hybrid cars are described; their use is evaluated from the perspective of conserving fossil fuels and reducing environmental pollution. Ethical and social issues related to the use of hybrid technology in cars are discussed.

C/L/187. Environmental pollution legislation

The paper examines Italian law regulations on environmental permits with regard to air emissions, waste disposal, water abstraction, etc. Environmental pollution legislation is reviewed focusing on the role of the European Court of Justice in enforcing these regulations and discussing the Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under EU legislation.

C/L/181. Does non-human nature have intrinsic value?

The paper addresses the issues of inherent rights arguing that they are intrinsic to animals, plants, and nature as a whole, as well as to humans. Ethical ideas of environmental theorists are reviewed discussing the problem of who holds the rights to the environment and whether the excising legal system provides effective environmental protection and sustainability.

S/L/134. Discuss critically theoretical and practical problems involved in the construction of an optimum management scheme for oceanic fisheries. What would happen to this scheme if the levels of pollution in oceans rise?

The paper examines the economic and legal aspects of fishing and ocean territory control identifying the problems faced by fisheries and the types of fisheries' management. The issue of property rights to natural resources, particularly fishing, are addressed.

S/E/102. Environmental protection: pollution taxes and tradable permits

The paper examines the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gasses emissions discussing economic instruments of reducing environmental damage, i.e. pollution taxes and tradable permits. Arguments in favour and against each instrument are reviewed.

S/L/133. Problems of fisheries in USA

The paper examines the problems facing fisheries in the USA describing the activities of non profit organizations engaged in the conservation of fish population, discussing the existing threats to fisheries and respective regulations.

S/L/130. Consider how far the exercise of legal rights by non-governmental persons can contribute to better protection of the environment

The paper addresses the issues of environmental protection (EP) reviewing the provisions of the Aarhus Convention, discussing the position of the UK Government towards EP and the ways in which non-governmental persons can contribute to EP through the access to EP information and participation in environmental decision-making.

S/L/125. Global civil society is neither social in form, civilised in nature nor global in scope. Discuss.

The paper looks at the involvement of civil society in global governance examining the definitions of 'civil society', reviewing the history and impacts of its environmental activities, and discussing environmentalist movements and organisations (the Zapatista, Greenpeace, etc.).

C/L/141. Environmental Law and Protection

The current system of law in respect to the environment is a hodgepodge of various types of law ranging from the public, private, criminal, common and statutory. Therefore in a sense it is true there is no specific law that comes under the term 'environmental' law. This is primarily due to English law being based upon hundreds of years of common law and with common law there is no particular ruling until a similar set of facts has been decided. It is the re-active nature of the common law system which makes it hard to adapt to new conceptions, such as environmental law. The legal system is getting harsher for companies that breach environmental provisions; hence paperwork and the use of EMS are becoming essential to discharge liability for third party's acts that could have been prevented and negligent employees.

S/L/157. Balancing conservation values and economic interests: experience of the ECJ in applying the provisions of the Birds and Habitats Directive

The paper addresses the issues of the European Community's wildlife conservation examining the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) with the focus on the Birds Directive and Habitats Directive. The articles of the Directives are reviewed; their economic, social and cultural aspects are discussed focusing on the policies towards sites' deterioration.

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