S/P/293. What objections are there to the emerging practice of Humanitarian Intervention?

The paper examines the definitions and principles of Humanitarian Intervention (HI) in international relations describing HI in the historical and legal contexts, i.e. with reference to Article 2 of the UN Charter on preventing HI in matters within domestic jurisdiction, and the recent Human Rights legislation arguing whether the invasion of Iraq was justified.

S/P/285. Is economic development a necessary or sufficient condition for democratization? Discuss using empirical information from at least two countries from Latin America and/or Africa.

The paper examines economic pre-requisites of the political transition toward democracy in Latin America reviewing related academic literature and seeking to understand whether there exists a positive correlation between economic development and democracy. The history of the installation of authoritarian regimes in Argentina and Chile is discussed.

C/P/76. Why is there no International Theory? Review of Wight's 1966 Essay

The paper reviews the essay 'Why is there no International Theory' by Wight arguing whether political theory can be used to analyse contemporary international relations. The neo-realist approach towards international relations theory is discussed comparing it to the traditional one.

S/P/221. Niche Diplomacy in the Canadian Foreign Policy

The paper examines the concept of niche diplomacy reviewing the essay by Evan H. Potter 'Niche Diplomacy as Canadian Foreign Policy' and the essay by Heather A Smith 'Caution Warranted: Niche Diplomacy Assessed'. The principles and limitations of the Niche policy are outlined.

P/P/328. US attack against Afghanistan: self-defence or aggression?

The paper examines the provisions of the international law related to using force as self-defence. The US claim of self-defence over the attack against Afghanistan in 2001 is discussed arguing whether attacking a country could be justified as a legitimate action. The effects of the precedent on the UNO are considered.

P/P/300. Doctrine of realism in international relations

The paper examines the doctrine of realism in political theory providing a review of its definitions, tracing its historical development, discussing its relationship to power politics, liberalism, neo-realism, constructivism, etc. and arguing whether realism reflects ‘timeless wisdom’.

C/P/49. Compare and contrast the realist and liberal approaches to the pursuit of peace in international relations

An analysis is drawn between the pursuit of the peace process between countries as explained by liberalist and realist theories of international relations. A detailed discussion of realist and liberalist approaches are drawn and issues o democracy, human rights and ecology are highlighted using examples from political situations in the US, Europe and Asia. The differences in relations of power as crucial to realist perspectives and the importance of neo liberalist globalisation in achieving a balance of power between states are also highlighted. A comparison is draw between realist and liberalist perspectives in IR considering issues of peace, democracy and human rights.

P/P/242. Diplomacy and military force in foreign policy

The paper examines the conditions for using military force in foreign policy reviewing the functions of diplomacy and non-military strategies. The examples of the pre-war diplomatic conduct in Iraq are discussed; the concept of coercive diplomacy is introduced providing examples from the history of international relations.

P/P/202. Humanitarian intervention: objections and justifications

The paper looks at the theoretical issues of humanitarian intervention outlining the views of Realists, and the two opposed approaches within the English school, i.e. Pluralism and Solidarism. The implications of intervention to save strangers are discussed weighing theoretical objections against justifications.

C/P/21. To what extent does the concept of human security redress the imbalance found in state centric conceptualisation of security?

State-centric approach to security, based predominantly on the realist assumptions about international relations, emphasizes above all national security of states, defined in terms of pursuit of power, primarily through military means. Inasmuch as realists focus on the states as the main units of the international system, human security is marginalized in this discourse, made forever subservient to raison d'etat. Yet the challenges brought about by globalisation - ethnic and religions intolerance, tolerance, global spread of diseases, cross-border natural calamities and pollution - have brought security of human beings into the equation: can states really redress these needs or have they become outdated, awkward social constructs? The paper argues that the state has not been undermined by the new challenges, and that, indeed, the problems of human insecurity are not new problems, but until recently they were not known to the wider public, and so they did not really have much impact on the IR debate. It is only with breakthroughs in communications technologies that human security became a best seller, simply because we can witness as never before human insecurity on our TV screens and computer monitors. While debate about human security is not likely to undermine the relevance of the state-centric approach to security, it is a useful forum for testing and fine-tuning realist ideas about international relations.

P/P/71. Marshall Plan

The essay discusses what can be learned from the history of the Marshall Plan about the importance of the United States in the process of European integration.

P/P/70. Migration in the EU: An Issue of Securitisation

The essay aims to explain how migration can be considered as a threat to societies using societal security.

P/IR/10. ´Spheres of influence have always existed, still exist, and always will exist, in international affairsŽ. Discuss.

Concluding, it could be said that in a case of globalisation, the spheres of influence will loose its importance, because people from different states will be working and living in a big borderless community. In other words, people would be working in harmony to maximise their common interests. However, if globalisation will not take place, then the superpowers would still tend to have influence over other states to maximise its power through influencing those states' economies and political actions. Concluding, it could be said that in a case of globalisation, the spheres of influence will loose its importance, because people from different states will be working and living in a big borderless community. In other words, people would be working in harmony to maximise their common interests. However, if globalisation will not take place, then the superpowers would still tend to have influence over other states to maximise its power through influencing those states' economies and political actions.

P/P/16. States' Problems with Security

The essay identifies the term security and outlines the main difficulties that states might face in collaboration with security.

P/P/24. Consider the view that the idea of "distributive justice" has no real application to international relations

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