S/L/216. Marbury v. Madison

The paper looks at the judicial review principle established in the USA Supreme Court by the case of Marbury v. Madison at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The facts of the case are considered against the background of the tensions that existed between the Federalist and the Democratic-Republican parties.

S/H/63. War as a Strategic Tool of Policy: The Falklands War –"Did War prove to be a Successful Means of Achieving Political Objectives? Examine from both UK and Argentinean perspectives."

This essay begins by discussing the immediate origins of the conflict before going on to discuss the strategic, economic and finally political objectives of both participants before reaching a conclusion as to weather the war proved a successful means of achieving each sides political objectives.

S/H/54. Was the rebellion of Tupac Amaru inspired by native nationalism?

This paper examines the causes of the Tupac Amaru rebellion in colonial Peru, which was to have an important impact on Spanish actions in the future. This time saw a period of Inca revivalism which many historians have interpreted as a threat to Spanish rule. However, the aims of the rebellion as proclaimed by Tupac Amaru seemingly do not correspond with this as chants of 'long live the King and death to bad government' echoed round the Andes.

S/H/47. ËThe first declaration of Peruvian independence was the work of San Martín and bore little relation to the feelings of PeruviansÌ. Discuss

This paper examines the nature of Peruvian independence, in particular whether the first declaration in 1821 was a movement from Peruvians themselves or forming part of the wider Spanish American independence movement. Various factors examined include a close appraisal of the independence declaration, the dividedness of Peruvian society and the events after San Martin's arrival.

P/P/311. Issues of US policy and legislation

The paper contains nine short essays (tutorials) related to the policy and legislation of the USA, examining: 1) the reasons behind the failure of the Health Security Act (HSA) announced by the Clinton administration; 2) the passage of the Civil Rights Act (CRA) and Voting Rights Act (VRA); 3) the expansion of welfare policies to the North of the USA; 4) the New Deal reform; 5) the political power of the American businesses; 6) the presidential power in the home policy; 7) the 1994 congressional elections; 8) the changes of political patterns, or realignment; 9) the Christian Right movement.

P/L/175. Expansion of civil rights laws and welfare in USA

The paper examines the causes of the expansion of civil rights laws and welfare to the North of the USA in the 1960s – 1970s reviewing the historical and political situation in the country and discussing the passage of the Civil Rights Act (CRA), the passage of the Voting Rights Act (VRA), etc.

S/H/26. How did travel and exploration influence the Enlightenment?

This paper explores the impact of travel and exploration in the 18th century. The discovery of America and Pacific islands was a major influence on Enlightenment philosophy. This essay analyses opposing arguments of conservative and radical philosophers, with key emphasis on Romanticism, the four-stage theory, the ignoble savages, the natural state of man and feminism. It argues that industrialisating Europe was an important factor in shaping people's reaction to the "savages" and that travel discoveries helped create a 'science of man'.

S/H/25. Was the Monroe Doctrine an anti-climax?

This paper argues that the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was far from an anti-climax. While conceding that the words of the doctrine failed to make immediate impact, this essay analyses the context in which it was delivered and more importantly, WHY it was delivered. It propounds that the doctrine is as much a domestic policy as it was a foreign policy by examining the mindsets of the key diplomats on both sides of the Atlantic and the nature of its deliverance. It is a doctrine unique to the young and the then only republic, significant in creating the American identity.

P/P/246. Political influence of ethnic identity groups in USA

The paper examines the issue of national identity in the multicultural environment of the USA reviewing academic literature on American ethnic identity groups, their impact on the US foreign policy, the effect of the Second World War on US identity, etc.

P/H/53. The roots of the Cold War policy

The paper examines the origins of the post-war anti-Soviet policy of the USA known as the Cold War describing the world political situation before the Second World War and focusing on the Revisionist theory of the Cold War roots. The situation around the Atomic Bomb is described including the British-American alliance, the Truman Doctrine, the events preceding the ‘Iron Curtain, the Marshall Plan, etc.

P/H/52. Can American Civil War be classified among total wars?

The paper examines the notion of ‘total war reviewing academic opinions on the subject and seeking to identify whether the American Civil War of the 19th century was a total war. Historical background around 1861 is described outlining major political forces of the time, their strategies, philosophies and war methods. Historians debate about the totality of the war is presented.

P/H/51. Opposition to Lincoln in the American Civil War

The paper describes the events of the American Civil War focusing on the political opposition to President Lincoln that resisted the war, namely, Peace Democrats known as the Copperheads, and New Your City war-class emancipated immigrants. The clashes between Republicans and Democrats in the North are related reviewing historians opinions on the legislative acts and organisations of the period.

P/H/49. History of Peru: position of Incas before and after Spanish conquest

The paper investigates the history of Peru relating the position of Incas in South America before and after the Spanish conquest in 1532. American Indians styles of life are described including their spiritual, military, communal and other practices. The impacts of the Spanish culture on the Incas Empire are outlined showing the changes in economic, social and religious makeup of the Peru population and the ensuing problems related to racial discrimination, Christianization of the Indians, epidemic diseases, resistance movements, re-organization of Indian settlements, etc.

P/H/40. Consensus school of American history

The paper surveys the views of various academicians on the consensus school of American history. The questions under review include the origins of the school, the philosophy and ideology of its main representatives; the aspects of national American character; the reasons for consensus history decline.

P/H/31. Efficiency of slavery: historians' debate

The paper is a discourse on the subject of slavery touching upon the debate among historians over slavery's profitability in the South of the USA. Arguments for and against the efficiency of slavery are discussed. Conclusions are made about the contradictory nature of slavery.

P/H/27. The battles of the American Civil War

The paper looks at the events of the American civil war between the North and the South in 1860s. The reasons for General Lee's defeat are analysed from the historical, strategic and psychological points of view. The details of the military campaign are described on the basis of the evidence collected from diaries, memoirs and letters of the war participants.

P/H/24. Dissertation. American Civil War and its psychological damages

The aim of the dissertation is to reconstruct the events of the American Civil War. The evidence for the research is drawn from an extensive review of literature, i.e. memoirs, letters and diaries of the war participants and non-military witnesses. The authors objective is to study the traumatic experiences of the warfare and battle that caused stress disorder in Federal and Union soldiers. The psychological and physical syndromes of combat traumas are described highlighting the problems that accompanied the research of the documents. The paper contains numerous quotes testifying to the soldiers suffering and its behavioural outcomes. The conclusion is made about the experience of soldiering in the twentieth century wars.

P/H/21. Palestinian Intifadas of 1987 and 2000

The paper seeks to compare Palestinian strategy in two uprisings (intifadas) against Israel: the 1987 Intifada and the 2000 al-Aqsa Intifada. The author examines the reasons behind both intifadas and comments on the difference in Israeli response to the uprisings. The significance of Yassir Arafats leadership during both uprisings is outlined; their international resonance is highlighted.

H/H/12. How Cortes Was Able To Conquer the Aztecs?

Conclusion: These five factors help to illustrate the reasons behind the seemingly unbelievably swift conquest of the Aztec empire by Cortes and his small band of soldiers. Many past histories written about the conquest attribute the victory of the Spaniards to their inherent superiority but when the conquest looked at more objectively is best explained by numerous factors including those discussed here. Some of the factors were controlled by the Spaniards, such as their quest to make alliances with warring tribes, some factors were controlled by the Aztecs, such as Moctezuma's belief that Cortes was Quetzakoatl, and some factors were out of control of either side, such as the infectious diseases that ravaged the Aztec empire. All these factors combined contributed to the two-year collapse of the Aztec empire.

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