C/L/305. US Regulation and Rule 144A

The paper discusses whether US Regulation and Rule 144A, when used together, can provide issuance for securities that ease the burden of a corporation targeting US investors. A detailed discussion of Rule 144A and its practical application is presented focusing on QIB's and disclosure rules, the advantages and disadvantages of Rule 144A. Advantages and disadvantages of public and private placements are considered.

C/F/321. Do Rule 144A and Regulation S protect resale of purchased securities?

The paper examines US Regulation S and Rule 144A discussing the features of an offshore transaction and arguing whether these regulations can provide a regulatory protection for US investors. The prospect of a liquid secondary market is considered as a possible result of the facilitation of shares' resale to a foreign issuer.

S/F/157. Rational for International Lender of Last Resort

The paper examines the ways of protection against international financial crises describing the effects of expansive monetary policy on the countries with emerging markets, outlining the purposes of the Lender of Last Resort, discussing the activities of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), etc.

C/F/16. What is the distinction between primary and secondary securities? If you want to own primary securities, what kind of financial institutions should you contact? Contrast the concept of primary and secondary markets with that of primary and secondary securities

Conclusion Primary securities are exchanged in the primary markets, while secondary securities in the secondary markets. Therefore both concepts are interlinked. Primary securities are issued by a firm to raise new capital and are distributed via an underwriter in the primary market. This market is not organised as an exchange, as only one transaction takes place, namely the transfer of security from a company to investor, and of capital from investor to the company. An underwriter plays a crucial role in the marketing and distribution of primary issues, especially in the US where they allocate new issues at discretion. Secondary markets in contrast are organizations where an exchange of so called second hand, or secondary shares takes place. No new capital is raised by firms in the secondary market, but fortunes are made and lost on the investors part through constant speculation.

P/F/78. Outline the main features of the primary and secondary markets for securities and explain the links between the two markets.

P/F/82. What is Money and why are there Different Measures of It?

C/F/39. The market expectation of the future spot rates is the only determinant of the term structure of interest rates

The purpose of the following essay is to identify whether or not the market expectation of the future spot rates is only determinant of the term structure of interest rates.