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(2008, 1900 words)
The paper examines the system of national suppliers' remedies (NSR) provided by the EC procurement regime and the system of NSR provided by the government procurement agreement (GPA) of the world trade organisation (WTO) reviewing related legislation of EU and WTO. Definitions of Government procurement and supplier remedies are reviewed; the significance of transparency in procurement transactions is argued.
(2004, 2100 words)
This essay describes the World Trade Organisation's dispute settlement process. It considers the affects of the process on large countries and small developing countries. This is good for anyone studying globalisation and the WTO/GATT
(2006, 4000 words)
The paper examines the problems related to the judgements made by the Appellate body of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in balancing political, socioeconomic and legal approaches to WTO decisions. The background and history of WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are described; the role of the Appellate Body is outlined; the cases of inconsistencies in interpreting the treaty provisions are reviewed.
(2006, 3500 words)
The paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of free trade critically reviewing the classical theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, etc. The key assumptions of the theories, i.e. full employment, an international harmony of interests, perfect competition, etc. are argued; rationales of trade regulations are outlined.
(2005, 2000 words)
The paper examines the dispute settlement procedures in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) reviewing the background of WTO and the history of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) system development. The effects of the new Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) are discussed pointing out its weaknesses and strengths.
(2006, 6500 words)
The paper reports on the exports of Chinese textile to the USA reviewing trade relations between the US and China, i.e. the Long-Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles and Substitutes (LTA), the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA), etc. The effects of the quota system expiry (in 2005) for both parties are discussed.
(2006, 2400 words)
This paper examines the ways in which the GATT and the WTO influence international trade and will provide examples of some of the barriers that have been put in place in order to demonstrate the points raised.
(2006, 1500 words)
The paper addresses the issues of global free trade reviewing tariff and non-tariff types of trade policy, the effects of tariffs on imports price and domestic industry, the difficulties in achieving free trade, the international attempts to promote free trade, etc.
(2006, 1500 words)
The paper examines the reasons behind the rise in regional trading arrangements (RTA) over the past two decades. EconomistsÒ opinions about RTA are reviewed highlighting objections raised against PTAs as a threat to multilateral liberalization, and arguing whether multilateral free trade is the optimal economic policy under globalization.
(2006, 1000 words)
The paper addresses the issues of free trade reviewing the economic approaches to free trade known as theÔ infant industryÔ argument and the Óoptimal tariffÔ argument. The description of both approaches is provided followed by an overview of positive and negative opinions about each of the approaches.
(2006, 1000 words)
The paper reviews the implications of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) focusing on the reduction of tariffs and analysing the existing obstacles to trade, namely, non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Economic, social and political reasons behind countriesÒ choice to turn to NTBs are examined.
(2006, 1000 words)
The paper examines the International Trade contracts discussing their features and describing the main types of contracts, i.e. FOB (Free on Board), CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight), FAS (Free Alongside Ship), etc. The strengths of each contract are outlined.
(2006, 1500 words)
The paper reviews the background of the World Trade organisation (WTO) focusing on the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) that aims to protect small farmers in developing countries, and highlighting the issues of cotton trade addressed at the WTO conference in Hong Kong.
(2006, 2000 words)
The following research paper is devoted to analysis of the role played by WTO and its predecessor GATT in promoting the world trade. Particular focus is given to discussion of empirical evidence and theoretical underpinnings of world trade promotion. The essay answers following questions: How successful was WTO and GATT in liberalization of the world trade? Do countries benefit from becoming WTO Members? What are the current challenges of accommodating developing countries in WTO? What makes WTO negotiations so difficult?
(2006, 2000 words)
The paper reviews the functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) comparing them to those of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and focusing on the new directions of the WTO framework, i.e. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Services (GATS). The main areas of WTO concern are outlined and discussed.
(2006, 2000 words)
This paper will highlight free trade by observing the advantages and disadvantages of trade policy theory from which the counteractive argument from the protectionist stance unveils. The question in this paper itself imposes one to question exactly what Free trade is. Moreover, if protectionist policies are employed, can trade be deemed as free? Conclusively, this paper will show free trade is a better alternative towards globalisation although there is a heightened debate on Ñso-calledÒ successes and failures of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
(2006, 1850 words)
This paper will observe trade policy reform, which is the subject of heightened debate. The issue of trade is questionable from all dimensions. The counteractive arguments for trade in the form of protectionism and import substitution industrialisation (ISI) show this. This paper will demonstrate the theoretical key issues of trade policy progressing to observe the models of trade policy reform where aspects of gradualism, radicalism, status quo and economic crises are covered
(2005, 1500 words)
The paper examines the policy of BushÒs administration of imposing tariff on steel imports from Europe, Japan, and South Korea. The history of American steel industry is reviewed; the principles of a free trade market are outlined on the basis of trade theories; the implications of steel tariffs are discussed.
(2006, 1500 words)
The paper reviews theoretical arguments for and against free trade including Adam Smiths theory of absolute advantage, Ricardos theory of comparative advantage, protectionism theory, etc. The causes and implications of the import limits for clothing from China recently set by the EU are discussed.
(2004, 2000 words)
The paper examines the Uruguay Round (UR) sub-agreement on agriculture seeking to estimate the impact of the agreement on the African countries, in particular, on Uganda. A review of a journal article on the effects of agricultural trade liberalisation (MTL) is presented.
(2006, 1500 words)
The paper reviews Ricardian theory of comparative advantage in international trade discussing the possibilities of its extended application and studying it from the perspective of other economic theories. Conclusions are made that Ricardian theory is only valid for the trade between two counties and only with two goods.
(2005, 1000 words)
The paper reports on the debate around free-trade vs. policy-driven economy focusing on the theory of comparative advantage by Ricardo and outlining its strengths and weaknesses. Criticisms of the theory are reviewed supplying examples of its application.
(2005, 3500 words)
The paper reports on the trade links of the Blades Inc., a US rollerblades manufacturer, with Thailand giving a brief overview of the Thai economy and commenting on the market advantages and disadvantages of Thai exports and imports. The implications of short-term and long-term trading projects are discussed from a theoretical perspective and in relation to the Blades practices in Thailand.
(2005, 1000 words)
The paper investigates the factors that influence countries participation in specialisation and international trade reviewing David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage and focusing on the opportunity costs. Positive and negative effects of comparative advantage are discussed; examples are given to show the implications of trade specialisation in different countries.
(2005, 3000 words)
The paper discusses deteriorating terms of trade (ToT) in developing countries (DCs) describing their basic economic trends over the past decades and presenting empirical evidence to the tendencies in DCs purchasing power, manufacturing, exports, etc. The implications of the manufactures ToT for the policy on DCs are outlined.
(2004, 1000 words)
The paper looks at the impacts of the trade barriers between China and UK including tariff barriers, culture barriers, etc. The trade policy of the EU is discussed; solutions to the problems of Chinese export to UK are suggested.
(2004, 2000 words)
The paper deals with economic modelling offering a theoretical explanation for trade flows in India. A profile of Indian exports and imports is presented. The influence of political factors on the composition and direction of trade is investigated; specific features of Indian trade policies are discussed.
(2004, 1000 words)
The paper seeks to explain why multinational corporations make direct investments in host countries. The advantages and risks of doing business abroad are highlighted. Risk management practices are discussed; local resources of financing are outlined. Conclusions are made about the benefits and limitations of local financing.
(2003, 4000 words)
The paper addresses the problem of smoking in the context of global tobacco trade. Health related arguments in favour and against globalisation are quoted and discussed including liberalization of trade, increased movements of population, etc. The performance of tobacco trading companies around the world is reviewed highlighting the issue of tobacco trade control.
(2005, 1700 words)
Developing countries have been subject to unfair treatment for a very long time. America preached that the markets should be competitive, while imposing steel and aluminium cartels, it preached that trade should be free while heavily subsidising its own farmers. WTO was set up to deal with those inequalities. In 2001 a number of issues were outlined to the rest of 147 members to deal with. However, Cancun 2003 meeting was a failure mainly due to inability of countries to compromise. The hopes were raised in 2004 Geneva meeting. This paper outlines the main issues covered in all meetings and results achieved.
(2005, 1500 words)
Developing countries have been subject to unfair treatment for a very long time. America preached that the markets should be competitive, while imposing steel and aluminium cartels, it preached that trade should be free while heavily subsidising its own farmers. WTO was set up to deal with those inequalities. In 2001 a number of issues were outlined to the rest of 147 member to deal with. However, Cancun 2003 meeting was a failure mainly due to inability of countries to compromise. The hopes were raised in 2004 Geneva meeting. This paper outlines the main issues covered in all meetings and results achieved.
(2005, 3500 words)
The paper looks at reasons and gains of trade, specialization & exchange, both Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin theories, comparative & absolute advantages, production possibility frontier and gives real examples.
(2004, 2000 words)
The paper gives an overview of strategic trade policies that give domestic firms advantage over foreign firms. The gains a country can obtain from trade are outlined and illustrated by examples of West European countries. The paper claims that it is not the nations who compete, but the companies within nations; implementation of strategic trade policies, however, reflects the governments' concern for their nations. The risks involved in the implementation of strategic trade policies are discussed; the case studies of Airbus and Boeing are presented.
(2004, 2000 words)
The paper examines the static and the dynamic theories of customs unions, i.e. agreements between two or more countries to remove trade barriers. The first theory claims that the formation of a customs union can lead to cheaper sources of supply; however, it may also bring about an increase in supply costs. The dynamic theory focuses on the changes that take place over time, e.g. the fall in imports, increased competition, etc. Positive and negative effects of customs unions are analysed and the conclusion is made that both theories must be considered in creating a customs unit.
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