Browse our collection of papers in
Logic
S/P/568. Can persons survive change?
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2011
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper reports on the metaphysical debate over the notions of change and persistence defining them in terms of formal logic and arguing whether objects can endure change in a philosophical sense without losing their identity. The importance of psychological and physical continuity is highlighted.
KEYWORDS: Change, persistence, formal logic, continuity,
S/P/566. Does scepticism inevitably spread by infecting our everyday beliefs so that we can't even know that we have hands?
- WORDS:
- 1650
- DATE:
- 2011
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The paper considers the philosophical argument of George Edward Moore known as “Here is a hand†targeted against scepticism in favour of common sense. Implications of classical sceptical arguments are considered showing that they question all our knowledge about the external world.
KEYWORDS: Scepticism, George Edward Moore,
S/P/554. Can meditator escape Cartesian Circle, and if so how?
- WORDS:
- 2700
- DATE:
- 2011
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper examines the concept of Cartesian Circle in the “Meditations on First Philosophy†by Descartes reviewing Descartes’ theory of knowledge, reporting on philosophers’ attempts to help the meditator escape the Cartesian Circle, and arguing whether any solutions are possible.
KEYWORDS: Cartesian Circle, Descartes’ Meditations, knowledge,
S/P/546. An examination of Hobbes law of nature
- WORDS:
- 1650
- DATE:
- 2011
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
This paper examines the extent to which Hobbes’ utilisation of natural rights for human beings, points him in an absolutist direction. The paper examines this in reference to his “Laws of natureâ€. The paper begins by outlining the aspects of the laws of nature, and follows with an evaluation of all three parts of the law. The study then examines the criticism that Hobbes’ law of nature faces, and conclusions are made regarding the discussed topics and the idea that human beings are endowed with ‘natural rights’.
KEYWORDS: Hobbes, natural rights, absolutist, Laws of nature!,
C/P/205. Introduction to Logical Reasoning
- WORDS:
- 1050
- DATE:
- 2010
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The paper examines the underpinnings of logical reasoning discussing the process of creative and critical thinking, the nature of a valid argument, Venn diagram, the causes of condition, etc.
KEYWORDS: Logical Reasoning, creative and critical thinking, valid argument, Venn diagram, causes of condition,
C/P/171. Modes of enquiry: theory and practical application
- WORDS:
- 4600
- DATE:
- 2009
- PRICE:
- 49.99 GBP
The paper examines various modes of enquiry providing information on the advantages and disadvantages of deductive methods, inductive methods, systematic thinking and consequential enquiry. The impact of Podcasting on education and the impact of Web 2.0 technology on IBM are analyzed using the technique of consequence analysis and effect/probability/ action grid. Ethical issues related to the use of the information technologies are addressed.
KEYWORDS: modes of enquiry, deductive, inductive, systematic thinking, consequential enquiry, Web 2.0, Podcasting,
C/S/82. What does Bourdieu mean when he says that 'Taste classifies and it classifies the classifier
- WORDS:
- 550
- DATE:
- 2008
- PRICE:
- 9.99 GBP
The paper critically reviews Bourdieu's work on classification examining the paradoxes latent in the logic and language that people use to make sense of the world. Classical music is discussed with relevance to Bourdieu's understanding of rivalry of oppositions, where words can assume more than one meaning, and thus lose their stability
KEYWORDS: Bourdieu, taste, classification, paradoxes, stability, music,
S/P/287. What Theory is Not
- WORDS:
- 3300
- DATE:
- 2008
- PRICE:
- 39.99 GBP
The paper examines the features of a strong theory and theoretical argumentation providing information on the structure of a theoretical article, the methods of research, available law related databases, etc. Analysis of several articles is presented to illustrate the assumptions made in the study.
KEYWORDS: Theory, theoretical argumentation, article, research methods, database,
S/P/341. Should Hume be interpreted as Maintaining a Regularity Theory of Causation?
- WORDS:
- 1500
- DATE:
- 2008
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The paper examines the views of David Hume on the links between cause and effect known as 'regulatory' theory and 'modified necessity' theory. Philosophical understanding of causation is discussed arguing the amount of experience sufficient to establish the cause and effect relationship between phenomena.
KEYWORDS: Causation, cause and affect, David Hume,
S/P/141. What makes an explanation good?
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2007
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper seeks to identify whether effective explanation has logical, metaphysical, semantic or psychological roots. Academic approaches to the nature of explanation are reviewed.
KEYWORDS: Explanation, explication,
S/P/219. Empirical knowledge: What is the role of observation in the foundation or justification of scientific knowledge?
- WORDS:
- 1500
- DATE:
- 2007
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The paper addresses the issue of finding a foundation to scientific knowledge discussing the role of observation-led protocol statements as empirical evidence to scientific facts. The debate around the distinction between observable and non-observable entities is reviewed.
KEYWORDS: Scientific, knowledge, empirical,
E/P/14. Logical argumentation and objective truth
- WORDS:
- 1000
- DATE:
- 2006
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The paper examines the nature of argument offering its definitions and seeking to identify whether a successful argument can be considered as objectively true. The controversial issues of logic are addressed, the function of rhetoric as the art of persuasion is discussed.
KEYWORDS: Logic, argument, rhetoric,
S/P/137. Is arithmetic logic?
- WORDS:
- 3000
- DATE:
- 2006
- PRICE:
- 39.99 GBP
The paper examines arithmetical notions from the perspective of logic focusing on the ideas of Frege and critically analysing them with reference to Potter, Neo-logicists, Hume, etc. Conclusions are made about the nature of the 'Julius Caesar problem'.
KEYWORDS: Frege, Caesar problem, arithmetic, logic,
S/P/171. Sometimes we hear reasoned arguments that oppose a view to which we are emotionally committed, sometimes we hear a passionate plea for a view we have good reason to reject. Bearing this in mind, discuss the importance of reason and emotion in dis
- WORDS:
- 1500
- DATE:
- 2006
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The paper examines the persuasive power of logical argumentation vs. emotional appeal providing definitions of reason and emotion, factual dispute, emotive rhetoric, etc. The role of emotion in our knowledge is discussed.
KEYWORDS: Reason, emotion, dispute,
P/P/120. Scientific theory Vs. non-scientific theory
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper touches upon the philosophy of science arguing that there may be a very narrow divide between scientific assertions and pseudo-scientific assertions. The author looks at modes of argumentation within the framework of inductive and deductive logic. The theory of falsification by K. R. Popper is referred to, the contradictions in his arguments are outlined.
KEYWORDS: scientific, theory, vs, non-scientific, theory,
P/P/161. Philosophic origins of nothingness and negation
- WORDS:
- 3000
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 39.99 GBP
The paper is a philosophic discourse on the subject of negation and nothingness discussing the views of Husserl and Sartre and making allusions to ancient Greek philosophers and Homers Odyssey. Conclusions are made about distinguishing between two ways of being: being-in-itself and being-for-itself.
KEYWORDS: philosophic, origins, nothingness, negation,
P/P/174. Can mental states cause physical events?
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper seeks to understand to what extent mental processes can cause physical events arguing physicalist views on overdetermination and the identity between physical and mental events. A review of philosophic approaches to causal relations is given highlighting the problem of mental causation.
KEYWORDS: mental, cause, physical, events,
P/P/178. Relations between physical and mental states
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper poses the question whether mental events are determined by physical events subjecting to criticism the physicalist (materialist) view that all mental properties are really physical. The concept of supervenience is applied not only to the relationship within a possible world but also across possible worlds.
KEYWORDS: relations, physical, mental,
P/P/203. Is rationality universal across cultures?
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
The paper looks into the nature of rationality examining its definitions and arguing its universal character. Ethnocentric (relativist) and Universalist viewpoints on rationality standards and cultural beliefs are reviewed.
KEYWORDS: rationality, universal, cultures,
S/P/108. Is every true identity statement a necessary truth?
- WORDS:
- 1700
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
In this essay I will be analysing Kripke's claim of certain true identity statements being necessarily true i.e. in the case of names and theoretical identifications. A counterexample will then be put forward, showing that such identity statements can be contingently true. It will also be demonstrated in this essay, that such different claims about identity statements are dependent on the varying notions of possible worlds.
KEYWORDS: Identity statements, necessary truth, Kripke, possible worlds, rigid designator, count,
S/P/21. Do ideas of 'natural rights' provide the best philosophical defence for human rights?
- WORDS:
- 2000
- DATE:
- 2005
- PRICE:
- 29.99 GBP
This essay argues that theories of natural rights are fundamentally flawed, providing a philosophically weak basis for theories of human rights. Criticisms of the theories of Hobbes and Locke are discussed, including those of Marx, Bentham and MacDonald. It is suggested that there is no indisputable defence of human rights as they are a value-judgement. However, this does not take away from their practical importance in the modern world. It suggests a legal positivist position is more productive.
KEYWORDS: ideas, natural, rights, provide, philosophical, defence, human, rights,
S/P/19. How significant is Nelson Goodman's New Riddle of Induction as a challenge to the rationality of our scientific practices?
- WORDS:
- 1400
- DATE:
- 2004
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
The basic problem of inductive proof as exemplified by Hume in the Treatise of Human Nature has long been a thorn in the side of philosophers. How can we bear the assumption that the future will resemble the past and how can we have any grounds for generalising from the past to the future? Various philosophers have come up with differing views yet none of them seem to have adequately concluded the issue at hand. Popperian falsification dealt with induction from a completely different perspective but the problems raised by induction were far from being conclusively resolved. In 1954 with the publication of Fact, Fiction and Forecast, Nelson Goodman intensified the debate by demonstrating that Hume's basic problem of induction was only half the issue. Goodman's New Riddle of Induction, as it has come to be known, asks how we can move precisely from the past to the future. How much significance can this new theory be said to bear on scientific practices?
KEYWORDS: significant, nelson, goodman, riddle, induction, challenge, rationality, scientific, practices,
S/P/20. Does David Lewis succeed in showing that time-travel is logically possible?
- WORDS:
- 1000
- DATE:
- 2004
- PRICE:
- 19.99 GBP
Einsteinian physics has shown time-travel to be theoretically plausible. All it would take is for an object to be spun faster than the speed of light, and relativity would send it spiralling towards an earlier time-frame. David Lewis attempts to eliminate any potential contradictions arising from time-travel in Paradoxes of Time-Travel. How successfully does Lewis demonstrate the logical possibility of time-travel? In order to answer this question, we will firstly examine the 'Grandfather paradox' objection to time-travel and Lewis' solution to this before detailing Horwich's probability argument, then finally Smith's attempt to prove the possibility of time-travel.
KEYWORDS: david, lewis, succeed, time-travel, logically, possible,
S/P/42. What are the advantages of Frege's distinction between sense and reference over 'psychologism'?
- WORDS:
- 3700
- DATE:
- 2004
- PRICE:
- 39.99 GBP
In this essay I shall examine the core content of ‘psychologism’, and Frege’s alternate analysis of sense and reference, or 'sinn' and 'bedeutung', with the view that the distinction between sense and reference was intended to establish the objectivity of Fregean Thoughts. Finally, I will cover some of the problems that Frege’s answer provides before summarizing the advantages such a separation of content provides.
KEYWORDS: advantages, frege, distinction, sense, reference, psychologism,
S/P/43. How should Goodman’s Paradox be solved?
- WORDS:
- 3400
- DATE:
- 2002
- PRICE:
- 39.99 GBP
This essay argues that a solution to Goodman’s Paradox turns upon identifying the relevant asymmetry between predicates like ‘grue’ and those like ‘green’, which (drawing upon Fact, Fiction and Forecast (1954)) is best undertaken by way of an entrenchment criterion. It first explains the paradox and elaborates on the main points of interest, then discusses several attempts to solve it, and their failings. Finally, it examines Goodman’s concept of entrenchment, and some of the issues it has to deal with if it is to be used to finally solve the paradox.
KEYWORDS: goodmanâ, paradox, solved,
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